معلومات عن اللغة الانجليزية English

معلومات عن اللغة الانجليزية Infermations about Language English

1- Language : is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.

2- Some names of languages :

Albanian

        (Albania and adjacent countries)    53 million

        SVO   Indo-European   Roman [since 1908]

   Arabic

        (North African countries such as Morocco, Middle

        East, such as Jordan, etc, widespread religious use

        150 million

        VSO   PD   Semitic   Arabic alphabet (r>l, vowel-less)

Bahasa Melayu/Bahasa Malaysia/Malay

        (Malaysia)   17 million

        SVO  PD Austronesian    Roman (since 19th century),

        differing from Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) in

        vocabulary

Chinese

        (China, Taiwan, Singapore, etc)    885 million

        8 main dialects (alias languages)

        SVO    PD  Sino-Tibetan   character script

Czech

        SVO PD   Indo-European (Slavic)   Roman

                (adapted)  12 million

Dutch

        (Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname)     20 million

        SVO  NPD   Indo-European (Germanic)

English

        SVO    NPD  Indo-European (Germanic)  322 million

Fijian

        Verb-initial  Austronesian  300 thousand

Finnish

        (Finland, parts of Russia and Sweden)  5 million

        SVO   Finno-Ugric    Roman (only 21 letters)

French

        (Francophone Africa, Quebec, France, French

         colonies, etc)  200 million???

        SVO NPD Indo-European (Romance)

German

        (Switzerland, Austria, Germany, etc)   98 million

        SOV NPD  Indo-European (Germanic)  Roman

        (previously Fraktur Roman)

3- The importance of literature in our life :

Literature is the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on many topics from human tragedies to tales of the ever-popular search for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text. Literature enables people to see through the lenses of others, and sometimes even inanimate objects; therefore, it becomes a looking glass into the world as others view it. It is a journey that is inscribed in pages, and powered by the imagination of the reader. Ultimately, literature has provided a gateway to teach the reader about life experiences from even the saddest stories to the most joyful ones that will touch their hearts.

4- The importance of university in our life :

In order to do well at your studies you will need to develop effective skills and strategies while balancing your life outside university.

Whether you are juggling work, children or just your general day-to-day activities, the following information aims to identify, develop and enhance the study skills you need to succeed in your course.

These include managing your study time, taking notes, planning your assignments and revising for exams.

5- Definition of :

"Culture" I define anthropologically for my history students as "learned, social behavior," whether that behavior be "unusual" or "universal," "high" or "low," "elite" or "popular," or none of the above. It's the biggest word in any of my courses.

"Civilization" I define economically as those cultures which result from an agriculture intensive enough to yield a surplus of food, leading to a division of labor that allows some not to be farmers, thus making cities (as opposed to farming villages) possible. The first civilized culture in history I take to be the Sumerian in ca. 3500 BCE, with Egyptian and Harappan following soon after. There are very few cultures today that are not civilized in this sense, for the simple reason that the economy is global and even a Tasaday may have a steel tool, or a lone castaway find enough manufactured plastic on the beach to cover his ass.

The difference between each other :

1. Culture is an end (values and goals) in itself while civilization is a means (tools and techniques) to an end. Cultural facts like belief, art and liter­ature—prose, poetry or novel, etc., gives direct satisfaction to the reader while equipment’s of civilization such as cars, computers, refrigerators, etc., do not give direct satisfaction, until and unless they do not satisfy our wants. Thus, civilization is utilitarian. It just helps in achieving the end.

2. Culture has no value in itself but it is a measurement by which we can value other articles of civilization. We cannot determine the value of culture, i.e., beliefs, norms, ideas, etc., but the value of anything can be determined by its measurement standard. Culture is a measuring rod or weighing balance.

3. Civilization is always advancing but not culture. Cultural facts like dramatic plays or poems may not be necessarily better today than the plays or poems of Shakespeare?

4. Civilization is easily passed without much effort to the next generation but not culture. Cultural facts, e.g., any art or a piece of literature, cannot be learned without some intelligence. It requires a few pains to understand it. Contrary to it, the equipment’s of civilization (building, TV, etc.) can easily be inherited without much or any use of energy and intelligence.

5. Civilization may be borrowed without making any change but not culture. Borrowing any cultural fact like any political, economic or social belief requires some necessary alteration to adjust in the new cultural environment while this is not necessary to make any material change in the civilizational equipment’s such as TV, computer, etc.

6. Culture relates to the inner qualities of society like religion, customs, conventions, etc., while civilization relates to the outer form of society such as TV, radio, fans, etc.

7. Culture is more stable than civilization—cultural change takes place in years or in centuries but civilization changes very rapidly.

8. Variability of cultures may not be accompanied by variability of civilization at different places. Civilization may be similar in variable cultural areas. For instance, there is a great difference between American and Indian cultures but there are many similarities in their civilizational equipment’s.

9. Culture is a social fact, i.e., creation of the whole society while civili­zation, i.e., the invention of any equipment may be by a single individual. Any ordinary person can affect any change in the civilizational equipment but for any modification or alteration in any cultural fact requires the power and imagination of whole society.