The Computer الكمبيوتر
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله تعالى وبركاته
The Computer الكمبيوتر
changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
Conventionally,
a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and
logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order
of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information
to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and
retrieved.
The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications.
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.
Desktop computer system
System unit
Hard disk drive
CD
Floppy disk
Mouse
Keyboard
LCD monitor (left); CRT monitor
(right)
Inkjet printer (left); laser printer
(right)
Computer speakers
Cable modem
Other hardware topics
- The first computer:
In (1944) enables the world, "Howard Aiken" from the University of "Harvard" of American innovation first computer-to-digital and many considered the inventor of the computer. Was a computer "Kahrumik **** Z" huge width of approximately (15) meters, and a height about 2.4 meters, and it takes about (3.0) seconds to complete the process of adding or subtracting, and about (4) seconds to complete the hit, and about 12 seconds to complete the process of dividing one.
The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications.
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.
The first use of the word
"computer" was recorded in 1613 in a book called "The yong mans
gleanings" by English writer Richard Braithwait I haue read the truest
computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he
reduceth thy dayes into a short number. It referred to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning
until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word
began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out
computations.
Parts of a
computer
If you use a
desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single part
called the "computer." A computer is really a system of many parts
working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are
collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the
instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.)
The illustration
below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your system
may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop
computer has similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized
package.
Let's take a look at each of these parts.
System unit
The system unit
is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that
process information. The most important of these components is the central
processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain"
of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily
stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information
stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.
Almost every other
part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug
into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit.
Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral
device or device.
Storage
Your computer
has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or
plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is
turned off.
Hard disk drive
Your computer's
hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of
platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts
of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage,
holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally
located inside the system unit.
CD and DVD drives
Nearly all
computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the
front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a
CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable
disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a
CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.
DVD drives can do
everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive, you can
watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs.
Tip
- If you have a recordable CD or
DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) your important files to CDs or
DVDs. That way, if your hard disk ever fails, you won't lose your data.
Floppy disk drive
Floppy disk
drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes.
Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data.
They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For
these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be,
although some computers still include them.
Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the
outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the sleeve. The disk inside is
made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.
Mouse
A mouse is a
small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an
actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long
wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.
A mouse usually
has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary
button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you
to scroll smoothly through screens of information.
When you move the
mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction.
(The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on
your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then
click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your
mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see
Using your mouse.
Keyboard
A keyboard is
used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a
typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
- The function keys, found on the
top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used.
- The numeric keypad, located on
the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.
- The navigation keys, such as
the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or
webpage.
You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same
tasks you can perform with a mouse. For more information, see Using your keyboard.
Monitor
A monitor
displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of
the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a
television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.
There are two
basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid
crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors
have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however,
are generally more affordable.
Printer
A printer
transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your
computer, but having one allows you to print e‑mail, cards, invitations,
announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print
their own photos at home.
The two main types
of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the
most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in
full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special
paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.
Speakers
Speakers are used
to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables.
Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your
computer.
Modem
To connect your
computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and
receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems
are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually
separate components.
Our
Recommended Computer Specifications
Currently, ITS
recommends that faculty, staff and students request the following
specifications when buying new personal computers:
When ordering from the HP
store ITS recommends purchasing from the
EliteBook series for Laptops and from the Elite series for Desktops
- Processor - dual core 2.4 GHz+
(i3, i5, or i7 series Intel processor or equivalent AMD)
- RAM - 4 GB
- Hard Drive - 160 GB
- Graphics Card - any with DVI
support - desktop only
- Wireless (for laptops) -
802.11a/b/g/n (WPA2 support required)
- Monitor - 19" LCD with DVI
support - desktop only
- Operating System - Windows 7
Home Premium Service Pack 1
- Warranty - 3 year warranty -
desktop only
- Warranty - 4 year warranty with
accidental damage protection - laptop only
- Backup Device - External hard
drive, USB Flash Drive and/or DVD+/-RW drive
- Please note: The extended
warranties listed above must be added at the enhancement page when
selecting your hardware for purchase.
Minimum Specifications
The current minimum
computer specifications to ensure the ability to run the basic software most
end users operate is:
- Processor - dual core @ 2.0 GHz
(Core Duo Intel processor or equivalent AMD)
- RAM - 2 GB
- Hard Drive - 80 GB
- Wireless (for laptops) -
802.11b (WPA2 support required)
- Monitor - 19" LCD -
desktop only
- Operating System - Windows
Vista with Service Pack 2 or Apple OS X 10.5.8
- Backup Device - External hard
drive, USB Flash Drive and/or DVD+/-RW drive
Other Specifications
The majority of
Clark's computing resources and backend systems are built on the Windows
platform. Support is available for Apple's OS X operating system, but we
currently do not provide support for the Windows operating system on an Apple
computer. Since the choice between an Apple and a Windows system is usually a
personal preference, we recommend that you come to campus with a Windows
computer - especially if you would like to use Clark ITS for the majority of
your support. If you are coming to Clark with a particular program of study in
mind, you may want to check with your academic department to see if they have a
preferred computing platform.
History of computing hardware
Main
article: History of computing hardware
First
generation (mechanical/electromechanical)
|
Calculators
|
Pascal's
calculator, Arithmometer, Difference engine,
Norden bombsight
|
Programmable
devices
|
Jacquard loom, Analytical engine,
Harvard Mark I, Z3
|
|
Second
generation (vacuum tubes)
|
Calculators
|
Atanasoff–Berry
Computer, IBM 604, UNIVAC 60,
UNIVAC 120
|
Programmable
devices
|
Colossus,
ENIAC, Manchester
Small-Scale Experimental Machine, EDSAC, Manchester Mark 1,
Ferranti Pegasus,
Ferranti Mercury,
CSIRAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 650, Z22
|
|
Third
generation (discrete transistors and SSI, MSI, LSI integrated circuits)
|
Mainframes
|
IBM 7090, IBM 7080, IBM System/360, BUNCH
|
Minicomputer
|
PDP-8, PDP-11, IBM System/32, IBM System/36
|
|
Fourth
generation (VLSI integrated circuits)
|
Minicomputer
|
VAX,
IBM System i
|
4-bit microcomputer
|
Intel 4004, Intel 4040
|
|
8-bit microcomputer
|
Intel 8008, Intel 8080, Motorola 6800, Motorola 6809, MOS Technology
6502, Zilog Z80
|
|
16-bit microcomputer
|
Intel 8088, Zilog Z8000, WDC 65816/65802
|
|
32-bit microcomputer
|
Intel 80386, Pentium, Motorola 68000, ARM architecture
|
|
64-bit microcomputer[53]
|
Alpha, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, SPARC, x86-64
|
|
Embedded computer
|
Intel 8048, Intel 8051
|
|
Personal
computer
|
Desktop computer, Home computer, Laptop computer, Personal
digital assistant (PDA), Portable computer,
Tablet PC, Wearable computer
|
|
Theoretical/experimental
|
Quantum computer, Chemical computer,
DNA computing, Optical computer,
Spintronics based computer
|
Other hardware topics
Peripheral device (input/output)
|
Input
|
Mouse, keyboard,
joystick, image scanner, webcam, graphics tablet, microphone
|
Output
|
Monitor, printer,
loudspeaker
|
|
Both
|
Floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, optical disc drive, teleprinter
|
|
Computer busses
|
Short
range
|
RS-232, SCSI,
PCI, USB
|
Long
range (computer
networking)
|
Ethernet, ATM,
FDDI
|
Software
Main
article: Computer software
Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material
form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in
hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS
ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called
"firmware".
Operating system
|
Unix
and BSD
|
UNIX System V, IBM AIX, HP-UX, Solaris
(SunOS), IRIX,
List of
BSD operating systems
|
GNU/Linux
|
List of
Linux distributions, Comparison
of Linux distributions
|
|
Microsoft Windows
|
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8
|
|
DOS
|
86-DOS (QDOS), PC-DOS, MS-DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS
|
|
Mac OS
|
Mac OS classic, Mac OS X
|
|
Embedded
and real-time
|
List of
embedded operating systems
|
|
Experimental
|
Amoeba,
Oberon/Bluebottle, Plan 9 from Bell
Labs
|
|
Library
|
Multimedia
|
DirectX, OpenGL, OpenAL
|
Programming
library
|
C standard library,
Standard
Template Library
|
|
Data
|
Protocol
|
TCP/IP,
Kermit, FTP,
HTTP,
SMTP
|
File format
|
HTML,
XML,
JPEG, MPEG,
PNG
|
|
User interface
|
Graphical
user interface (WIMP)
|
Microsoft Windows,
GNOME, KDE,
QNX
Photon, CDE,
GEM,
Aqua
|
Text-based user
interface
|
Command-line
interface, Text user
interface
|
|
Application
|
Office suite
|
Word processing, Desktop publishing,
Presentation
program, Database management
system, Scheduling & Time management, Spreadsheet, Accounting
software
|
Internet
Access
|
Browser, E-mail client, Web server, Mail transfer
agent, Instant messaging
|
|
Design
and manufacturing
|
Computer-aided
design, Computer-aided
manufacturing, Plant management, Robotic manufacturing, Supply
chain management
|
|
Graphics
|
Raster graphics
editor, Vector graphics
editor, 3D
modeler, Animation editor,
3D computer
graphics, Video editing,
Image processing
|
|
Audio
|
Digital audio
editor, Audio playback,
Mixing, Audio synthesis,
Computer music
|
|
Software
engineering
|
Compiler, Assembler,
Interpreter,
Debugger, Text editor, Integrated
development environment, Software
performance analysis, Revision control, Software
configuration management
|
|
Educational
|
Edutainment, Educational game, Serious game, Flight simulator
|
|
Games
|
Strategy, Arcade, Puzzle,
Simulation, First-person
shooter, Platform, Massively
multiplayer, Interactive
fiction
|
|
Misc
|
Artificial
intelligence, Antivirus software,
Malware scanner, Installer/Package
management systems, File manager
|
Languages
There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications.
Programming
languages
|
|
Lists
of programming languages
|
Timeline
of programming languages, List
of programming languages by category, Generational
list of programming languages, List of
programming languages, Non-English-based
programming languages
|
Commonly
used assembly languages
|
ARM, MIPS, x86
|
Commonly
used high-level
programming languages
|
Ada,
BASIC, C,
C++, C#,
COBOL, Fortran, Java,
Lisp,
Pascal,
Object Pascal
|
Commonly
used scripting languages
|
Bourne script, JavaScript, Python,
Ruby,
PHP,
Perl
|
In (1944) enables the world, "Howard Aiken" from the University of "Harvard" of American innovation first computer-to-digital and many considered the inventor of the computer. Was a computer "Kahrumik **** Z" huge width of approximately (15) meters, and a height about 2.4 meters, and it takes about (3.0) seconds to complete the process of adding or subtracting, and about (4) seconds to complete the hit, and about 12 seconds to complete the process of dividing one.
هام : هذا الموضوع ضمن تصنيفات المدونة
بحوث مدرسية جاهزة نشكرك للمتابعة . يمكنك نقل
الموضوع من المدونة لكن بشرط يجب ذكر المصدر و ذكر رابط الموضوع الاصلي
| نسخ الرابط | |
| نسخ للمواقع |
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